Wayside flowers [microform] : Series I. Being a description of American wild flowers that bloom in April, May, and early June

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UK

SERIES -I

FIQ^ERS

OF- APRIL- MAY-
AND-EARLY-JVNE

With life
size pen and

INK STVDIES
FROM NATVRE

BY

F.5CHVYLER MATHEWS

TABER- PRANG ART CQ

BOSTON & SPRINGFIELD, MASS.

JGHT 1R93 BvlABW-PfVii ■•gApt Co Boston, u-'>a

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AYSIDE

FlO^C'ERS

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SERIES I. BEING A DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN
WILD FLOWERS THAT BLOOM IN
APRIL, MAY, AND EARLY JUNE ^ ^

I ;

BY F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS ^ ^ ^
ILLUSTRATED WITH PEN AND INK
DRAWINGS FROM NATURE BY THE
AUTHOR J^ jfij.jfijikjfkjfkjfkjfkjkjk

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TABER- PRANG ART (P
■BOSTON & SPRINGFI ELD. MASS.

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38764

Copyright laaSBrTABERPRANGART Co.Ba5ToN,L' 5A

WAYSIDE FLOWERS.

PREFACE, SERIES 1.

HE division of a popular work on
wild flowers into four sections, which
are designated by special seasons, is a
practical and simple method of sort-
ing out the flowers according to the
way of Nature, without troubling one with the com-
plex system of the botanist. It is a useful sort of
classification, because, to one who chafes at the delay
necessarily attending the search for a flower's family
name among the records in a manual of botany, the
advantage of having a picture of the flower directly
connected with the time of its appearance, it must be
acknowledged, is immeasurably great.

For those, however, who prefer to find a flower
properly placed among its family relations, I have
provided a classified index, which includes some very
important definitions and a nomenclature according
to Dr. Asa Clray. Each of the four series is a com-
plete book in itself, that is, ■ f -r as it goes ; and
with " Gray's Manual " in hand ■ will be found that
the series cover a well-trodden path through the
garden of Nature, which will materially aid one in
pursuing investigations beyond the limitations of the
wayside.

Although I have drawn many of the commoner
flowers, I have not neglected those interesting ones
which are less common ; here and there 1 have intro-
duced an unfamiliar character with the hope of stim-

ulating an interest in a search for those rarer flowers
which frequently nestle beside characters thoroughly
well known.

It is not possible for anyone to make a choice of
one hundred familiar wild flowers, which might corre-
spond with our preconceived ideas of what is most
representative. What is common to one person is
uncommon to another ; and with about four hundred
flowers to choose from, it is not likely that the selec-
tions of any two persons would bear a close resem-
blance. My choice, therefore, has been largely
directed toward the proper recognition of the most
interesting flower families, and the members of these
families have posed for their pictures in the most
natural attitudes.

EavU flower or leaf is drawn jusf as it grnt',
without the slightest deference to a standard type, or
a general average, or anything else of the kind. A
thoroughbred Yankee is not lacking in distinctive
qualities ; it is not necessary that he should look like
" Uncle Sam." An Iris is an Iris, yet there are no
two exactly alike ; we do not want to be forever fur-
nished with representative Irises ; we want a chance
to see the differences. ,

A careful study of the wild flowers brings one to
a realization of the fact that Nature's handiwork is
infinite ; she is not content with senseless duplica-
tions.

F. Schi;yler Mathews.

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Series 1.

i ■

Liverwort, Hepatlca

Hepdtica triloba.

Mayflower, TrallitiK Arbul

Liverwort, Hepatlca.

He pd tic a triloba.

Kamiiy . . RANUNCULACE/E, Crowfoot.

Color . . . Lilac-white, or pale purple.

Blooms . . April, early May.

Environment, Woods, anil woody pasture-land.

Height . . 3 ins. to 4 ins.

Habitat . . Common. Mc. to Minn, and Mo., and
northward.
Character: Leaves thin, hairy, leathery, almost
evergreen, appearing later than the flowers i
one of the earliest spring flowers.

Mayflower, Trailing Arbutus.

Efii^iea trpnis.

. . ERICACEi^-:. Heath.

. . White, waxy, pink-tinged, lighter or

deeper.
. . April-May.

Woodland openings, rocky soil, hill-
sides.
3 ins. to 4 ins.
Me. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ky.

Character: Very fragrant. Thick-leaved, rusty
stemmed, trailing over the ground; flowers
immediately succeeding snow.

Family . .
Color . . .

Uloonis . ,
Environment.

Height . .
Habitat .

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layflower, TralliiiK Arbul

Series i.

} I

Marsh Marigold (wrongly called Cowslip).
Ciltha fia/iislHs.

Dutchman's Breeches.

Dicintra Cucullaria.

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Marsh Marigold (wrongly called Cowslip).
Cii/tfia pa/iiitris.

lamily . . RANUNCUI.ACEv*:, Crowfoot.

Color . . Golden, shining vcllow.

Bloomii . . April-Mav.

Knvironmeiit. In wct meadows, beside brooks, on

marshy ground.

Height . . 8 ins. to 1 ft., rarely 2 ft,

nal)itat . . Common northward.

Character: A thick-leaved stocky plant, with a
buttercuplike flower.

Dutchman's Breeches.

Dicentra Ciuul/driu.

Family . . FUMARIACEi^. Fumitory.
Color . . . White, cream-yellow tipped.
Blooms . . April-May.

Envipnment, Rich Woods, shaded rocky slopes.
Height . . 7 ins. to 10 ins.
Habitat . . NewYork westward, common.
Character: Delicate, slender, ornamental leaved ;
flower with two spurs.

Ml

Dutchman's Breeches.

Dicentra Cuculldria.

(*)

1:1

Series 1.

'II
III

^ i

' i!

1 11

■:■?*.

Adder's Tongue, Dog's-Tooth Violet.

Erythrbnium Americanum.

Family . . LILIACE^. Lily.
Color . . . Light and deeper dull yellow.
Blooms . . April-May.

Environment, Rich ground, borders of moist wood-
lands.
Height . . 5 ins. to 7 ins.
Habitat . . Me. to Fla., west to Minn, and Ark.

Character: Leaves often mottled with purple,

* or green-white.

Bloodroot.

Sanguinaria Canadensis.

Family . . PAPAVERACE^. Poppy.

Color . . . White, yellow anthers.

Blooms . . April-May.

Environment, Open, rich woods, borders of meadows,
roadsides.

Height . . 8 ins. to 10 ins.

Habitat . . Common.

Character: Stems with acrid, orange juice.
Floweropens before the leaves reach maturity ^
the latter early curl over the buds which later
outgrow the leaves.

Goldthread.

Cdptis trifblia.

Family . . RANUNCULACEiE, Ctowfoot,
Color . . . White.
Blooms . . May.

Environment, Bogs, and moist woodlands.
Height . . 3 ins. to 5 ins.
Habitat . . Common northward, south along the
mts. to Md., west to Iowa.
Character : Bright, shiny, evergreen, dark-green
leafi rootlets bright yellow.

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Goldthread.

Ciptis Iri/olia.

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Series 1.

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False Solomon's Seal.

Smilacena stellita.

Family . . LILIACEyE, Lily.

Color . . . White.

Blooms . . May, early June.

Environment, Moist banks, edges of copses, borders

of damp woods.
Height . . 8 ins. to I ft.
Habitat . . Me. to N. J., west to East Kan. and

Minn., and westward.
Character : Pale, smooth, bluish green leaves ;
berries blackish.

Star Flower.

Trienfdlis Americdna.

Family . . PRIMULACE^, Primrose.
Color . . . White.
Kioon-s . . May.
Environment, Damp, cold woods.
Height . . 3 ins. to 5 ins.

Habitat . . Me. to Minn., south to northern Ind.,
and mts. of Va.
Character ; Leaf light green, thin ; flower star-
pointed.

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Series 1.

r3E4iissuSss=r,-*B3Ws;

Painted Triltium.

Trillium eryllirocdr/ium

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Painted Trillium.

TriHium erythrocarpum.

Family . . LILIACEiE, Lily.

Color . . . White, petal angularly marked with

crimson.
Bloomi . . April-May.
Environment, Cold damp woods, and bogs.
Height . . 9 ins. to i ft.

Habitat . . Me. to Ga., west to Wise, and Mo.
Character: Leaves taper-pointed; flower and
leaves wavy.

-%,

Wake-Robin. Birthroot.

Trillium f rectum.

Family . . LILIACi" /*:, Lily.

Color . . . Dull brownish red, often pinkish or

whitish.
Blooms . . April-May. - •
Environment, Rich woods.
HeiKht . . 7 ins. to 10 ins.
Habitat . . Me. to N. C, wcst to Minn, and Mo.
Character : Flowers variable in color, ill-scented ;
leaves broadly round, pointed.

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Rue Anemone.

Anemonella thalictrohies.

RANUNCULACE/E, Crowfoot.

White, rarely pink-tinged.

April-May.

Woodlands.

3 ins. to 5 ins.

Common northward.

Family . .
Color . . .
Bloomn . .
Environment,
Height . .
Habitat . .

Character : 5 to i o white sepals, several flowers,
blooms in company with A. ntmerha.

Wood Anemone, Wind-flower.

Anemone quinquifolia. Dr. Robinson.
Anemhne nemorhsa.

Family . . RANUNCULACEiE, Crowfoot.
Color . . . White, rarely outer surface of sepals

purplish.
Blooms . . April-May.
Environment, Woodlands, margins of woods.
Height . 4 ins. to 10 ins.

Habiut . . Common northward.

Character : 4 to 7 white sepals, bearing a single

short-stemmed flower; plant-stem perfectly

simple.

Twin Flower.

Linnia boreilis.

Family . . CAPRIFOLIACEiE, Honeysuckle.
Color . . . Pink of a crimson tone delicately

graded to white.
Blooms . . Late May-early June.
Environment, Moist, moSSy woo(^lands.
Height . . 3 ins. to 4 ins.
Habitat . . Me. to N. J. and mts. of Md., west

to Minn., and extreme north.
Character: Delicately fragrant nodding flower}
a vine.

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Bellwort.

Oaiisia sesiilifhlia.

Family . . LILIACEiE, Lily.

Color . . . Yellowish, or cream color, sometimes

slightly greenish.
Blooms . . April-May.

Environment, Low woods, margins of woodlands.
Height . . 8 ins. to I ft.
Habitat . . Me. to Fla., west to Minn., Neb. and
Ark.
Character: Inconspicuous flower hanging be-
neath the leaves.

Yellow Wood-Sorrel.

Oxalis corniculata var. stricta.

Family . . GERANIACEiE, Geranium.

Color . . . Yellow, of a golden tone-, not bright,
but light.

Blooms . . May, continues sparingly until Sep-
tember.

Environment, Roadsides, borders of fields, and wood-
lands.

Height . . 3 ins. to 5 ins.

Habitat . . Common.

Character : Variable, low, drooping trifoliate
leaves.

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nflower.
False Mitrewort.

u coriiifblta.

Family . .
Color . . .

Bloomi . .
Environment,

Height . .
Habitat . .

Canada Mayflower.

Maidtifhfmum Canadime.

Family . . LILIACE-*',, Lily.

Color . . . White.

Bloomi . . May and early June.

Environment, Moist woods.

Height . . 3 ins. to 5 ins.

Habitat . . Me. to N. C, we it to Minn, and
Iowa.

Character: Fine flowersi i iconspicuous, shiny
leafage.

Robin's Plantain.

Erigeron bfllidifhlius.

COMPOSIT/E, Composite.

Lighter or deeper pale violet, yellow
center.

May, early June.

Copses, moist banks, roadsides, bor-
ders of fields.

10 ins. to 1 8 ins.

Common.

Character : Asterlike, stout-stemmed.

Foamflower, False Mitrewort.

Tiarflla iordifhha.

Family . . SAXIFRAGACEyE, Saxifrage,
Color . . . White.

Blooms . . April-May, sometimes early June.
Environineiit, Rich woods, and moist, shady dells.
Height 6 ins. to 8 ins.

Habitat . . Me. to Minn, and Ind., and south
through the mts.
Character : A hairy surfaced, maplelike, mottled
green leaf.

(17)

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Solomon's Seal.

Polxgonhtum bift'orum.

Kimilv . , IJLlACEv*:, Lily.

c.l.ir . . . Grccnish-white.

BIcMimn . . May, t'«rly June.

Knvironnient, Wooded hillsides, shady roadsides.

Height 10 ins. to 1 8 ins., rarely 3 Jt.

Haliitai . . Mc. to Kla., wist to Minn., p^astern
Kan. and Tex.
Character ; Root pitted like a seal print, hence
the name: Solomon's Seal. Mostly two
flowers at base of each leaflet ; berries in
autumn, tirst green, then blue-black like
grapes.

^<<^£7

Fringed Poly«;ala, Flowering Wintergreen.

Poly^ala pancifhlia,

Family . . POLYGALACE/E, Milkwort.

Color . . . Magenta, rarely white, often a crim-
son-pink, near magenta.

Bluoms . . May, early June.

Knvironment, Woods, woody roadsides.

Height . . 3 ins. to 4 ins.

Habitat . . Me. to Minn, and HI., and Southward
along Alleghany Mts.
Character: Trailing, vinclike; the subterranean
shoots bear concealed fertile flowers.

K Wintergreen.

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Wood Sorrel.

Oxa/is AcetosHla.

Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Indian Turnip.

Arisckma triphyllum.

Family . . . ARACEiE, Arum.

Color . . . Pale green, heavily striped with shiny

madder brown.
Blooms . . April, early June.
Environment, Rich woods, beside brooks.
Height . . I ft. to 1 8 ins.
Habitat . . Me. to Fla,, west to Minn, and

Eastern Kan.
Character : Leaves taller than flower, hiding it;
fruit at first green, finally scarlet.

Wood Sorrel.

dxalis AcetosHla.

Family . .

GERANIACEiE, Geranium.

Color . . .

White, crimson-pink veins.

Blooms . .

Late May, early June, sometimes

early July.

Environment,

Deep, cold woods.

Height . .

2 ins. to 5 ins.

Habitat . .

Me. to Penn., Lake Superior and

northward; southward in the Alle-

ghany Mts.

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Series I.

> ■;'•! I

' '' ;; '

Blue Plaz, Larger.

Jris versicolor.

Blue Flag, Larger.

Iris versicolor.

IRIDACEiE, Iris.

Lighter or deeper violet, striped purple,
white and yellow.

May, early June, sometimes through-
out June.

Beside streams, ponds, and in swamps.

1 ft. to 2 ft.

Me. to Fla., west to Minn, and Ark.
Character: Stem angled on one side; leaves
sword-shaped.

Family . .
Color . . .

Blooms . ■

Environment,
Height . .
Habitat . .

Series 1.

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ranium, Cranesbill.

'iiiHiii miitiilatuin.

Wild Parsnip.

Zizia aurta.

Family . . UMBELLIFER/f:, Parsley.
Color ... A not very bright golden yellow.
Blooms . . May-June.
Environment, Roadsides, meadows, and meadow

copses.
Height . . 1 8 ins. to 2 ft., rarely 3 ft.
Habitat . . Atlantic states, west to Minn., and

Tex.
Character : Smooth, lined stem ; aromatic odor
when bruised.

Wild Qeranium, Cranesbill.

Geranium maculatum.

Family . . GERANIACE/E, Geranium.

Color . . . Pale magenta-pt'.rple.

Blooms . . May-June, sometimes early July.

Environment, Open woods, roadsides, fields.

Height .. I ft. to 2 ft.

Habitat . . Common.

Character: Stem erect and hairy.

(26)

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iU««ftli->a'.i?tV-«nlii<fii'l"fMiiliaiiiii

SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

11 ' '

1 1'l

i'wt

Pi ' >

s; .

IIJ!

Sari*. Pp.

I^ANUNCULACE^, Crowfoot.
Herbi with numerous stamens, and
usually more than one pistil, all
the parts of the flower distinct, and
inserted on the receptacle. Calyx
often colored like a corolla, when
the latter is wanting.

Thimble-weed, Aiummu Vir-
giniana II-2I

Wood Anemone, Wind-flower.
AntmoHtfumguifolia. Ant-
mom ntmorosa .... I-13

Liverwort, Hepatica, Hipaiita
iriMa I- 3

Rue Anemone, AHtmmuUa
Ikalulroidts I- 13

Marsh Marigold, Caliha paluslrts I- s

Goldthread, Copiii trifolia . . I- 7

Co\Mm'ci\TX,AquiUgiaCamultH3is\\- 5

PAPAVERACE^ Poppy.
Herbs with regular flowers, calyx
mostly of two sepals which fall when
the blossom opens, petals twice or
3-5 times as many, numerous free
stamens. Juice usually milky or
colored and narcotic.

Bloodroot, SaHguinaria Caita-
dtHsis I- 7

rUMARIACE^ Fumitory.
Delicate and sn-.,' °i herbs. Sepals
2, scale-il . ; 4 larger irregular and
closed peuls, the two outer with
spreading tips, and I or both spurred
or saccate at base, the 3 inner and
smaller united by their tips, which
inclose the anthers of the 6 stamens
in 2 sets along with the stigma.
Compound leaver,.

Dutchman's Breeches, Dicentra

Cucullaria I- 5

CARYOPHYLLACE^, Pink.

Herbs with regular flowers with not
over I o stamens, 2-5 styles or sessile
stigmas, mostly separate to the base.
Calyx persistent. Petals sometimes
minute or wanting. Opposite en-
tire leaves.

Long-leaved Stitchwort, SUUa-
ria IcHgifolia "~ 5

HYPERICACE^, St. John's-wort.
Perfect flowers with many or few
stamens (usually in 3 or 5 clusters)
inserted on the receptacle. Leaves
opposite, entire, simple.

Upright-leaved St. John's-wort,

Hypericum adprtsium . IV- 7

Common St. John's-wort, Hy-
ptricum perforatum . . . IV- 7

OERANIACEvE, Geranium.

Herbs with regular flowers on the
plan of 5, stamens 10, herbage
scented. Leaves simple, variously
lobed or even dissected. (In Oxalis
leaves compound, of 3 obcordate
leaflets, and flowers usually open only
in sunshine.)

Wild Geranium, Cranesbill, Ge-

mHium maculatum I-25

Herb Robert, Gtramum Raber-
tianum IV- 9

Snim. Pp.
Wood Sorrel, Oxalis Acetosella 1-2 1
Yellow Wood-Sorrel, Oxalit

corniculala VM. siricia I- 15

Jewelweed, Touch-me-not, /m-

patient pallida III-19

POLYGALACE^, Milkwort.
Herbs with very irregular flowers.
Calyx persistent of 5 sepals; 3 of
them snuUI, viz. : 2 on the lower,
and I on the upper side of the blos-
som, and I on each side called
wings, which are larger, colored and
would be taken for petals. Within
these on the lower side, are 3 petals
united into 1 body, the middle one
keel-shaped and often bearing a
crest. Stamens 6 or 8 concealed in
the hooded middle peul. Leaves
simple, entire, alternate or whorled.

Fringed Polygala, Flowering
Wintergreen, Polygala pauci-
folia I-I9

WVAVvon, Polygala polygama . III-ii

Milkwort, Polygala cruciata . IV- ;

LEGUMINOS<€, Pulse.
Flowers (always on the plan of 5,
and stamens not exceeding 10) truly
papilionaceous, i.e. butterflylike or
having a sundard, keel and wings.
Sepals united more or less into a
tube or cup. Leaves compound and
alternate.

Wild Indigo, Baptisia tinctoria IV-3

ROSACEiC, Rose.
Plants with regular flowers, numer-
ous (rarely few) distinct stamens in-
serted on the calyx, and i or many
pistils, which are quite distinct.
Calyx of 5 or rarely 3, 4 or 8 sepals,
united at the base. Petals as many
as the sepals, and inserted with the
sumens on the edge of a disk that
lines the calyx tube. Leaves alter-
nate and stipulate.

Meadowsweet, Spir,ra salicifolia 1 1- 1 9

Hardback, Steeple-bush, .S//r(7a
tomenlosa II-19

Purple Flowering-Raspberry,
Rubiis odoratus .... II-17

Wild Swamp Rose, Rosa Caro-
lina Ill- 7

SAXIFRAGACE^, Saxifrage.
Flowers mostly nerfect with as many
or twice as many stamens, and fewer
styles or stigmas than there are
petals or sepals. Stamens and pet-
als generally borne on the calyx.

Foamflower, False Mitrewort,

Tiarella cordifoUa . . . I-i 7

DROSERACE^, Sundew.
Bog herbs, with regular flve-petaled
flowers, and bristly fringed leaves
in a tuft at the root. Insectivorous
plants.

Long-leaved Suno^w, Drotera
intermedia var. America': . iii- .15

MELASTOMACEiC, Melastoma.
Plants with opposite simple 3-7
ribbed leaves, no stipules, as many

S«riM. Pp.
or twice as many stamens as petals,
both inserted in the throat of the
calyx, anthers of peculiar shape
opening by a small hole at the apex
Meadow Beauty, Deergrass,

Rkexia Virginica , . . . III-19

ONAGRACE/E, Evening Primrose.
Herbs or shrubs with showy perfect
and symmetrical flowers in fours
(rarely in two to sixes) throughout.
The calyx tube bearing the petals,
and as many or twice as many
stamens. Styles always united into
one.

Fireweed, EpHoiinm anguslifo-

lium III-15

Hairy Willow-herb, Epilobium

hirsMtum III-15

Evening Primrose, CEnolhera
biennis IV- 7

UMBELLIFER-E, Parsley.

Herbs with small flowers in com-
pound umbels calyx with 5 minute
teeth or none, ; petals, 5 stamens
and 2 styles. Stems usually hollow.
Leaves alternate, more commonly
compound.

Wild Parsnip, Zitia aurea . ■ \-i$

CAPRIFOLIACE^ Honeysuckle.
Shrubs, or rarely herbs ; stamens as
many as the lobes of the corolla and
borne on its tube. Leaves opposite
without stipules.

Twin Flower, Linnaa borealis 1-13

RUBIACEiC, Madder.
Shrubs or rarely herbs, stamens as
many as the lobes of the corolla and
borne on its tube. Entire opposite
leaves with stipules between them,
or else (as in Galium) the leaves
whorled without stipules.

Bluets, Quaker Ladies, Hovslo-
nia carnUa II- 3

Btdstnvi, Galium asprellum . III-li

COMPOSITE Composite.

The largest family of flowering plants.
Corollas either tubular (or fiinnel-
formed and lobed)' or strap-shaped,
sometimes both kinds in the same
head ; when the marginal strap-
shaped corollas form what are called
tay flowers, those of the central part
of the head are called disk flowers.
There are almost always five stamens,
and the anthers are united in a com-
mon tube through which the style
passes.

White Snake-root, Eupatorium

ageratoides III-21

GoIdenAster,C*r)'."V''"/<»''''»''' HI- 7
Lance-leaved Golden-rod, Sol-

idago lanceotata .... IV-19
Blue-stemmed Golden-rod, Sol-

idago casta 1 V-2 1

White Golden-rod, Solidago

hicolor IV-17

Smooth Golden-rod, Solidcgo

serotina IV-13

Gray Golden-rod, Solidago nem-

arals IV-15

'26'

L_

'':iijjwM«^i-ff^^aa;.j'%'ig-?'"«k>,^^;.at!jjh!!iw?i;^

SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

Sariw-Pp.
Heart-leavtd After, AiUr car-

di/oUus IV-JJ

Purple-ilemmed Alter, Aslir

pmmtnu IV-17

Rough-leaved Alter, Asttr ra-

WlUow-leived Blue Alter, Aittr

Nmi-BtlgH 'V-13

White Heathlike Alter, Atttr ■

irUaidii IV-ai

Paoided White Alter, Aslir

panicuUaus IV-i 5

Robin'i Planuin, Erigtron M-

luHfoUHS l-'7

Daily Fleabane, Erigtron stri-

gosHt ni-13

Black-eyed Suun, RuJitciia

Urta '"-'9

Wild Sunflower, HtUantAus gi-

gantiut III-15

Beggar-ticki, Bidtns frondosa . IV-ii
Larger Bur-Marigold, BiiUns

dirysaiUhtmoidit . . ■ . IV-ii
Fall Dandelion, Liontodon au-

lumnalis IV-35

LOBELIACE/€, LobelU.
Planti with milky, acrid juice, alter-
nate, timple leaves, and scattered,
racemed or panicled flowers. The
corolla irregularly 5 lobed and
mostly split down, on the upper
side; the 5 stamens united into a
tube commonly by their filaments
and always by their anthers; style
only one.

Cardinal Flower, Loitlui cardi-

nabs "I-'7

Indian Tobacco, LoitUa infiata I l-i 5

CAMPANULACE-C, CampanuU.
Herbs with milky juice, and scat-
tered flowers, with regular 5-lobed
(blue or white) corolla, and 5 sta-
mens borne on the summit of the
calyx tube. Style i ; stigmas sev-
eral. Stamens separate. Leaves
alternate.

Harebell, Bluebell, Campanula
rotundifolia IV-5

ERICACE/C. Heath.
A large fiimily of shrubs, herbs, and
small trees. Flowers almost all
regular with as many or twice as
many stamens as there are petals or
lobes of the corolla. The heath
and heather belong 10 this family
and are distinguished by needlelike
evergreen leaves, and 4-iobed corol-
las.

Mayflower, Trailing Arbutus,
Epigaa ripens . ■ ■ I- 3

Shin Leaf, Pyrola Mtptica . .11-7

Bell Heather, Erica cinerea . Ill-i i

Indian Pipe, Monotropa uni-
flora n-25

PLUMBAGINACE/E, Leadwort.
Known by th» regular flowers with
5-lobed plaited calyx, 5 stamens
opposite as many petals and almost
separate from them, and 5 styles.

Sea Lavender, Marsh Rosemary,
Statue Limonium var. Caro-
lineana ni-23

PRIMULACE/C, Primrose.

Herbs with regular perfect flowers,
the stamens borne on the corolla and

%mfm.9y.

as many as iU diviiioni and oppoaite

them ; one ityle and stigma.
Star Flower, Trientaki Amdri-

cana 1-9

Four-leaved Looieitrife, Lyti-

macUa quadrifolia ■ ■ ■ II-13
Common Loosestrife, Lyiima-

chia slricla n-13

APOCYNACE^, Dogbane.

Herbaceous or woody planta, with
milky juice, opposite (sometimes
whorled) simple aod entire leave*,
without itipules, and regular flowers.
Calyx, corolla, and stamens in fivct,
but the itigmai and often the ityle*
united into one.

Spreading Dogbane. Apocynum
androsamifolinm ■ . . . II-15

ASCLEPIADACEiE, MUkweed.
Plants with milky juice opposite
(sometimes whorled) simple and
entire leaves without stipules, and
regular monopetalous flowers with
five parts to the calyx, corolla and
stamens. Anthers connected with
the ttigma. The short filaments
bearing curious appendages behind
the anthers forming what is called a
crown.

Swamp Milkweed, Ascttpias in-
carnata III-13

Common Milkweed, Asclepias

Cornuti Ill- 9

GENTIANACEit, Gentian.

Herbs with regular flowers, having
stamens as many as the lobes of the
corolla and alternate with them.
Leaves opposite, simple, entire and
sessile.

Centaury, Erythraca, Erytkraa

spuata III-20

Sea Pink. Sabbatia stillaris . Ill- 5

Slender Sabbatia, Sabbatia gra-
cilis Ill- 5

American Centaury, Sabbatia
cMoroitUs Ill- 5

Fringed Gentian, Genliana cri-
nita IV-19

Closed Gentian, Bottle Gentian,

Genliana Andrewsii . ■ . IV-ig

SCROPHULARIACE/t, Figwort.
Known by the 2-lipped or at least
more or less irregular monopetalous
corolla, 2 or 4 stamens, single style
entire or 2-lobed stigma. A few
have the corolla almost regular, and
one or two have 5 stamens either
complete or incomplete.
Turtlehead, Chelone glabra . III-19
Purple Gerardia, Gerardia pur-
purea 111-21

LABIATE. Mint.

Herbs with aromatic herbage, square
stems,oppositesimpleleaves,2-lipped
corolla, the upper lip divided into 2
lobes, the lower into 3. 2 or 4 sta-
mens inserted on the corolla tube,
2-lobed stigma. Flowers from the
axils of the leaves or bracts, in
clusters or spikes.

Self-Heal, Brunella vulgaris III-i i

0RCH1DACE;€, Orchis.
■ Perennial herbs more or less de'-
pendent upon insects for fertilization .

The six-parted perianth composed
of three outer divisions answering
to sepals, and the three inner (which
alternate with the outer divisions)
answering to petals ; one of these
which is larger and difterent from
the others is called the lip or label-
lum. There are one or two stamens
which are connected with the style ;
the pollen is moitly coherent in
masiea.

Calopogon, Bearded Orchis,

Calop0gon pukheltus . ■ .11-11

Snake's Mouth, Pogonia ophuh
glossoides ll-i 1

Uulies' Tresses, Spiranthts cer-
nua IV-21

Rattlesnake Plantain, Goodyera
pubescens Ill- 3

Greenish-White Orchis, Habe-

naria tridentata ■ ■ . . II- 9

Smaller Green Orchis, Haiena-

ria Hookeri II- 9

Ragged Fringed Orchis, Habe-
naria Icuera 11- 9

Smaller Purple-Fringed Orchis,

Habenaria psycodes . . II-M

Showy Lady's Slipper, Cypri-
pedium spectabite . . . .11-21

Moccasin-flower, Lady's Slip-
per, Cypripedium acaule . . 1 1-7

IRIDACEit, Iris.
Flowers perfect and showy, from a
spathe of two or more leaves or
bracto ; divisions of .the perianth in
two seU (answering to sepals and
petals). Style I, or rarely 3-cleft;
stigmas 3 opposite the 3 stamens
and the outer divisions of the peri-
anth. Anthers &ce outward.

Blue Flag, Larger, Ms versi-
color 1-23

Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium
angustifolium II-3

LILIACE.C Lily.
Large family with regular symmetri-
cal flowers, usually with perianth of
6 parts, and as many stamens stand-
ing in front of the divisions. Chiefly
herbs with entire leaves.

Solomon's Seal, Polygonatum
biflorum I-19

False Solomon's Seal, Smila-
cena stellata I- 9

Canada Mayflower, Maianthe-

mum Canadeuse . . ■ ■ 1-17

BeWvoTt, Oaiesia sessili/olia . I- 1 5

Adder's Tongue, Dog's-Tooth
Violet, Erythronium Ameri-
canum 1-7

Wood Lily, Wild Red Lily,
Lilium Phitadclphicum . . II-25

Canada Meadow Lily, Lilium

Canadense II-23

Wake-Robin, Birthroot, TrU-

lium erectum I-l I

Painted Trillium, Trillium ery-
tkrocartum I-l I

ARACE^, Arum.
Herbs with pungent watery juice,
small perfect or imperfect flowers in
a fleshy head or spike called a spadix,
usually furnished with the colored
enveloping bract called a spathe.

Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Indian 'X\a-

a\p^ Arisama triphyllum 1-2 1

(27)

(JKHJ-;

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

CF THE FOUR SERIES OF WAYSIDE FLOWERS.

'i '

I

I
-C

S«rim
I

I

I

II

I

I

Adder's Tongue . .
AiumoHt Htmorosa .
AHtmoni quinquifolia
Antmoni Virginiana
Anemone, Wood . .
Anemonella IhatictroiJti
ApetvHum anJrosamifolium II

Aquiltgia CanadtmU II

Arlmtui, Trailing ... I

Arisitma trifhytlum . . I-
Aicltfiai Cornuti . . .111
AuUpias incarnala . , .III
AsUr cordifolitu . . . .IV

Aster erieoides . . . . IV

Aster, Golden Ill

Aster, Heart-leaved ... IV
Astir Novi-Btlgii . . .IV

Aster, Panicled White . . IV

Asltr paniculattu . . , IV-

Astir fuHiitus .... IV'

Aster, Purple-stemmed ., . IV

AsUr rndttia IV

Aster, Rough -leaved . . . IV-
Aster, White Heatblike . . IV
Aster, WUIow-leaved Blue . IV
Baftisia tinctoria ... IV-

Bedstraw II

Beggar-ticks IV

Bellwort

Bidens (krysanthemoidis . IV-

Bidtns frondosa .... IV

Birthroot

Black-eyed Susan ... II
Bloodroot ...

Bluebell IV

Blue-eyed Grass .... I
Blue Flag, Larger . . .

Bluets I

BruHilla vulgaris ... II

Bur-Marigold, Larger . . IV-
CalopogtH pttkhitlm
Caltha paluslris . .

Campanula rotundifolia . IV-
Canada Mayflovrer

Cardinal Flower .... II

Centaury, American . . I!

CMeni glabra .... II

Chrysopsis faUata , . . II

Clover, Yellow or Hop . . II

Columbine I

Coptis Irifolia ....

Cranesbill

Cypriptdium atauU . . I

Cypripidium spictaHU I

Daisy Fleabane .... II

Pp.

- 7
-'3
-•3

21

-13
-13
-'5

5
3

21

-9

'3

-J3

-21

7

-'3
->3
«5
'5
>7
'7
»3
23

21

'3

3

II

II

>5

II

II

II

3

7

5

- 3
-23

- 3
-II

-II
5
5

-'7

"7

S

<9

7

-»3

5

7

»5
7

21

«3

Dandelion, Fall . .
Deergran ...
Dit intra Cutullaria
Dogbane, Spreading
Droscra inlirmedia var.

Amiritana . . .
Dutchman's Brcechea
Epigaa repins . .
Epilohium anguslifolium
Epiiobium hirsulum
Erica cinirta , .
Erigiron bcltidifolitis
Erigtron strigesus .
Erythrira spimta
Erythronium Amtritanum
Eupatorium agiratoidts
Evening Primrose
Fireweed ....
Flowering Wintergreen
Foamflower . . .
Galium asprellum
Gentian, Bottle . .
Gentian, Closed . .
Gentian, Fringed . .
Gentiana Andriuisii
GiHiiana crinila . .
Giranium matulalum
Geranium Robertianum
Geranium, Wild . . .
Gerard ia. Purple . . .
Gerardia purpurea . .
Golden-rod, Blue-stemmed
Golden-rod, Gray . . .
Golden-rod, Lance-leaved
Golden-rod, Smooth . .
Golden-rod, White . .

Goldthread

Gaodyera pubeseens . .
Habenaria Hotkeri
Habenaria lactra . .
Habenaria psycodes . ,
Habenaria tridentata

Hardhack

Harebell

Heather, Bell ... .
Heliantkus gigontesu
Hepatiea triloba . . .
Herb Robert ....
Houstonia carulea . .
Hypericum adpressum .
Hypericum perforatum
Impatient pallida . .
Indian Pipe ....
Indian Tobacco . . .
Indian Turnip ....

S«rlei Pp.
IV-25

III-17

I- 5

11-15

III

1

1
III
III-
III-i

I-i
III-
III-23

I- 7

III-21

IV- 7

111-15

I-19

1-7

Ill-ii

IV- 1 9

IV-19

IV-25

IV-19

IV-25

1-25

IV-9

1-25

ni-21

111-21
IV-2I
IV-I5
IV-19
IV-I3
IV-I7

1-7

III- 3

II- 9

11-9

Il-ii

11-9

11-19

IV- s

Ill-ii

111-25

1-3
IV-
II-
IV-
IV-

III-

11-25

II-15

I-ai

Indigo, Wild .
/ris versicolor
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
Jewelweed . .
Ladies' Tresses
l.Rdy's Slipper . ,
Lady's Slipper, Showy
l.ionlodon autumnalis
Lilium Canadense
Lilium rhilaJtlphicum
Lily, Canada Meadow
Lily, Wild Red . .
Lily, Wood . . .
l.innaa borealis . .
Liverwort . . .
Lobelia cardinalis
lobelia injiata
Loosestrife, Common
Loosestrife, Four-leaved
l.ysimachia quadrifolia
Lysimachia stricta . .
Maianlhemum Canadense
Marsh Marigold . . .
Marsh Rosemary . , .

Mayflower

Meadow Beauty , . .
Meadowsweet ....
Milkweed, Common . .
Milkweed, Swamp
Milkwort . . .
Mitrewort, False . . .
Moccasin Flower . . .
Monotropa uniftora . .
Oakesia stssilifolia . .
(Enothera biennis . .
Orchis, Bearded . . .
Orchis, Greenish- White .
Orchis, Ragged Fringed
Orchis, Smaller Green

S«riw P|
IV

I-:

1-;

111-

IV-:

II-

11-

IV-:

II-:

II-:

I1-:

II-:

H-:

1-

I-

111-

II-

II-

1I-:

II-

II-

I-

I-

1II-;

I-

III-l

II-

III-

III

III-ll,andIV-i

I-

Orchis,Smaller Purple-Fringed Il-i 1

Oxalis acetosella

Ojcalis cornicuJata var. stricta !■

Parsnip, Wild . . . -
Pogonia ephioglossoicUt
Polygala crueiala
Polygala, Fringed . .
Polygala pauci/olia , ,
Polygala polygama , .
Potygtnalum biflorum
Purple Flowering- Raspberry
Pyrola eUiptiea . .
Quaker Ladies . . ,
Rattleanake Plantain
Rkexia Virginico . ,
Robin's Plantain . .

11-
1I-:
1-i
IV-
II-
II-
II-
II-

I-21

I-2S
ll-ll
IV- s

I-I9
1-19

in-ii

1-19

11-17

II- 7

II- 3

III- 3

in-17

1-17

Aosa Carolina . ,
Rose, Wild Swamp
Kubus odoratus
RucOierkia kirtn .
Rue Anemone
Sabbatia chloroides
Sabiatia gracilis ,
Sabbatia, Slender
Sabbatia slellaris
Sanguinaria Canadensis
Sea Ijivender . .
Sea Pink ...
Self-Heal ...
Shin Leaf ...
Sisyrinchium angustifalium
Smilacena stellata
Snake-root, White .
Snake's Mouth . .
Solidago bicolor . ,
So/idagv casta , , .
Solidago lanceolata ,
Solidago nemoralis .
Solidago serolina . .
Solomon's Seal . .
Solomon's Seal, False
Spiraa satidfolia
Spiraa tomentosa . .
Spiranlhes cernua
Star Flower . . .
Slatice Limonium var. Caro-

lineana . , .
Steeple-bush . , ,
Slillaria longifolia .
Stitchwort, Long-leaved
St. John's-wort, Common
St. John's-wort. Upright-lv'd IV- 7
Sundew, Long-leaved
Sunflower, Wild . .
Thimble-weed . .
Tiarella cordifilia .
Touch-me-not . . ,
Trientalis Americana
Trifolium csgrarium ■
Trillium erectum
Trillium erylkncarpum
Trillium, Painted . .
Turtlehead ....
Twin Flower . . .
Violet, Dog's-Tooth
Wake-Robin . . .
Willow-herb, Hairy .
Wind-flower . . .
Wood-Sorrel, While
Wood-Sorr«l Yellow
Zisi'd aurta . , .

(28)

' U««<d..__

'unp

StriM Pp.
Ill- 7

III- 7

In

angmtifolium

lata

hite ,

mm var. Cnro-

folia ,
ig-leaved
t, Common
;Upright.Wd IV- 7

folia

rooth

tiairy .

White
ITeUow